aureus, the error rates of our method are comparable to gold-standard phenotypic methods, with sensitivity/specificity of 99.1%/99.6% across 12 antibiotics (using an independent validation set, n=470). We implement this method for Staphylococcus aureus and Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a software package (‘Mykrobe predictor’) that takes raw sequence data as input, and generates a clinician-friendly report within 3 minutes on a laptop. Here we show how de Bruijn graph representation of bacterial diversity can be used to identify species and resistance profiles of clinical isolates. The experiment is done successfully as all objectives are accomplished.The rise of antibiotic-resistant bacteria has led to an urgent need for rapid detection of drug resistance in clinical samples, and improvements in global surveillance.
The mass of CH3COOH in vinegar is 0.6767g while the percent by mass of acetic acid is 6.727%. The average molarity of NaOH for the second experiment is 1.21M. All the equivalence point for titration 1, 2 and 3 occur at the same volume of NaOH which is 11.5 with pH value 8.10, 8.06 and 8.10 respectively. This situation also occurs for titration 2 and 3 as well. There is a sudden change in pH when the volume increase from 17.0 mL to 18.0 mL as the pH increases from 5.98 to 10.10 for titration 1.
All the data obtained are recorded and a graph of volume of sodium hydroxide against pH value of KHP are plotted for experiment 1 while a graph of volume of sodium hydroxide against pH value of vinegar is plotted for experiment 2. In experiment 2, vinegar will be used instead of KHP solution. The titration will be done three times in order to find the average value of the two titrations. The steps were repeated until an equivalent point is reach. The pH of the solution will be check by using a PH meter which has been calibrated before the experiment started. The titration was carried out by allowing a 1mL of sodium hydroxide into the beaker which consists of KHP solution. In experiment 1, sodium hydroxide will be titrated into a potassium hydrogen phthalate solution, KHP. The titration process will be conducted by using a burette, which is good for dispense small amount of liquid.
1.0 ABSTRACT This experiment is done to resolve the molarity of a solution and the percent by mass of acetic acid in vinegar by titration process with the standardized sodium hydroxide solution.
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